/F4 24 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What is the dual process model of persuasion? [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /StructParents 7 /F2 22 0 R What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 7 0 obj /Subtype /TrueType endobj /Artifact /Sect /S /Transparency [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. << The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? What are In-groups and Out-groups? /LastChar 32 If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R >> ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /LastChar 116 /Type /Group << /Group << They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." What is in-group bias? >> /S /Transparency A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. endobj -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /Type /Page These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. << /Contents 36 0 R -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) What are some real world consequences of attributions? 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /Contents 41 0 R 2 . Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. ]"&4v What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? endobj They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. Rossi . basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. economic zones to fisheries. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Font Discuss the validity of each statement. -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology /Font << What Is Cognitive Miser? | Ifioque.com /F3 23 0 R What is conformity? >> Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /Resources << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 [15][pageneeded]. /GS7 27 0 R how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R stream /S /Transparency endobj /ExtGState << A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. /StructParents 3 /StructParents 11 PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. social cognition test 1 Flashcards | Quizlet -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. endobj 10 0 obj /Tabs /S Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. >> Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /F2 22 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 13 << -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others 3 0 obj Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 18 0 obj When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /Tabs /S /F3 23 0 R We'll bring you back here when you are done. In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /P 3 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. 269273 . >> 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ /Type /Group >> endobj [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /Font << [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R /F4 24 0 R -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com >> In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /F1 21 0 R /ExtGState << 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert What are its consequences? /Type /Group /F1 21 0 R 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> by Emma2201, What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? -Becoming less pervasive /GS7 27 0 R What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. PDF Chapter 1: Introduction - SAGE Publications Inc A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. Houd . /Type /Group where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. << /StructParents 6 /Type /Group [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /Parent 2 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /CS /DeviceRGB What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. >> 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) What are its real world consequences? She chooses to stop deliberation and act /Parent 2 0 R What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? /Group << [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /GS8 28 0 R /Group << On what dimensions do cultures differ? [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. What is the power of single vivid instances? -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /S /Transparency 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R Jonathan A. . /Resources << Wim . -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /CS /DeviceRGB /Group << The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Resources << But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. >> endobj * Naive scientist (Psychology) - Definition - Lexicon & Encyclopedia - MiMi -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /S /Transparency >> What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /Name /F1 [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. What is culture? >> To install click the Add extension button. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group 238 0 R 239 0 R] Cognitive miser Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 endobj How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? Cognitive miser - Oxford Reference Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known endobj /Tabs /S In par-ticular, this need . /F4 24 0 R -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. /F5 25 0 R -Cognitive component: stereotypes /FirstChar 32 -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. Barr . /GS7 27 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B >> /F6 26 0 R -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. /F3 23 0 R /Type /Page Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> endobj The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. /Resources << -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. >> [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). stream /CS /DeviceRGB /Resources << 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R [>>>] provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. << Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. (1950s) a. -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. Greed, Lust And Gender: A History Of Economic Ideas [PDF] [288oj5lhbhmg] things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . Gordon Pennycook . Social Thinkers - Issuu >> Social Cognitive Psychology : History and Current Domains - Google Books This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. endobj They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. /Type /Page They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R Fugelsang . Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. The process of understanding what something is by knowing Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. /Tabs /S /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /MarkInfo << /CS /DeviceRGB Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /BM /Normal Naive scientist b. To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? /CS /DeviceRGB 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /Footer /Sect [9][pageneeded]. << [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Group Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. others. >> -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" /F1 21 0 R -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous 5,000 & 8,000 \\ self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. /StructParents 4 20 . /Tabs /S /S /Transparency -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. /F3 23 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 %PDF-1.3 Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. . Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. << /CA 1 >> endobj /Font << /Font << 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 /Marked true /Footnote /Note It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. /Length 2864 The cognitive miser and focal bias . We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Sandrine . /Annotation /Sect /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. What causes deindividuation? /S /Transparency << 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R What does WEIRD refer to? 12 0 obj ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity /Font << 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /F4 24 0 R 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. << 9 0 obj *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. >> -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. /Resources << /Group << Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /Group << Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable.
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