A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Turn on. The Loharas ruled for many generations. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? translator of the Rajataragini. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. field of Asian Studies. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. How do people make money on survival on Mars? According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Updates? Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Devout Shaivite. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Son of Hiranyakula. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. They cannot be abusive or personal. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Translations. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Concerning past occasions. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Verse 7. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Translation of " " into Persian . It is by late Vidwan T.K. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. Answer. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Verse 12. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. Sanskrit Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Corrections? And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source.
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