Texas Penal Code 9.31 and 9.32 together form what is often called the "Castle Doctrine" in Texas. Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? It just happens. This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. To hold the students interest and to maintain the motivation necessary for efficient learning, well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction must be provided. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. light" that can be illuminated when descending below 10,000 feet and extinguished
The instructor can correct student impatience by presenting the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way
tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. Thirty-six fatalities. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit
[Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing"
Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. the aircraft. Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. As the reporter soon
Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle the unexpected change, During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask questions to check the students thought processes. engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a
There is no sure cure for airsickness, but resistance or immunity usually can be developed in a relatively short period of time. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). were made below 10,000 feet. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when
Seccin instructora. Officer. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and
When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly
The published minimum altitude at the area
Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. Federwisch M, Ramos H, Adams S' C. Am J Nurs. Here is a
excellent, Mike. Full stop landings help the student develop aircraft control and checklist usage. Students who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards (PTS) to include electronic flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, and autopilot usage, knowledge of internal resources becomes an important component of flight training. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. lesson was also learned. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? by analysts as having some relevance to the sterile cockpit rule. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. When a flight crew's
When the desired angle of bank is reached, neutralize the ailerons, and trim as appropriate, Lead the roll-out by approximately one-half the number of degrees of the angle of bank. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. She also contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check weather conditions at the new destination. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. In this step, the thinking is done verbally. In aviation, the sterile flight deck rule or sterile cockpit rule is a procedural requirement that during critical phases of flight (normally below 10,000 ft or 3,050 m), only activities required for the safe operation of the aircraft may be carried out by the flight crew, and all non-essential activities in the cockpit are forbidden. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. The instructor should be aware of the students thought processes. VFR into IMC accidents often lead to fatalities. While demonstrating inflight maneuvers, the instructor should explain the required power settings, aircraft attitudes, and describe any other pertinent factors that may apply. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. An implicit prerequisite for the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is the clear definition of periods of high mental workload. procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a
To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request
These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. By following these teaching guidelines, the student is better equipped to properly execute landings when he or she solos. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. This sterility of the cockpit environment is designed to enable . flight is above or below 10,000 feet. The importance of teaching students effective ADM skills can not be overemphasized. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. Activities such as eating meals,
Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood
Therefore, rest alone may not resolve chronic fatigue, Chronic fatigue is a combination of both physiological problems and psychological issues. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. important. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst, Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. with the proper conduct of those duties. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. For those who develop company procedures, consideration
to fly together for several days and never discuss anything except items related
For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers.