2002. 19. In Asia and the Pacific, they represent a high quality food resource with annual production higher than from crustacean culture on a per hectare basis (Sitoy, 1988). Starter feeds are usually given on the first month of culture, finisher feeds on the last month, and grower feeds in between. (vi) Firm bottom protected from strong waves for Eucheuma and muddy-loam bottom for Caulerpa ponds. Shrimp ponds are provided with separate supply and drainage gates to effect flow-through water management and facilitate water exchange through supply and drainage canals (NACA, 1986). Tobacco dust, derris root/rotenone powder, teaseed cake/powder, or Gusathion-A are used to eliminate predators and/or wild species that may eventually compete with the cultured organisms for food and space. Intensive culture uses very high densities of culture organism (e.g., 200 000-300 000 shrimp PL/ha/crop) and is totally dependent on artificial, formulated feeds. A concrete pond can be mainly three different ways; In the stagnant concrete pond type, water in the pond is seldom replaced. Seaweeds, aside from being used as food, are important sources of colloids or gels, such as agar, as well as minerals of medicinal importance such as iodine. Two months after planting, the Caulerpa forms a uniform carpet on the pond bottom, a good indicator for harvest time. The plants are allowed to grow to about 1 kg or larger before harvesting. (NET METHOD), Fig. Canals which are to be used for harvesting should be 30 cm below the level of the pond bottom to allow draining of pond water. Pond management techniques for finfish and shrimp culture, while varying slightly depending on the specific biological requirements of the culture organism, the type of culture system, and the culture environment (freshwater, brackishwater, and marine), are similar in that they involve the following basic activities: Fig. With ease, the Earthen Pond system is the oldest kind of fish culture system. Having your soil analyzed can sometimes be done by contacting your local office of the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. In the Philippines, Indonesia, and China, pen culture is limited to the following species: milkfish (Chanos chanos); tilapia; and the Chinese carps: bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenophanyngodon idella); and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source Water Quality for Aquaculture: A Guide for Assessment (pdf)Managing Ammonia in Fish Ponds (pdf)Growout Pond and Water Quality Management (pdf)Control of Clay Turbidity in Ponds (pdf)Aquaculture Pond Bottom Soil Quality Management (pdf)Clearing Muddy Ponds in Alabama (pdf)Pond Aeration (pdf)Paddlewheel Aerator Design (pdf)Piping Systems (pdf)Pond Mixing (pdf)Selecting the Proper Pump (pdf)Plankton Management for Fish Culture Ponds (pdf)Algae Blooms in Commercial Fish Production Ponds (pdf)Fertilizing Recreational Fish Ponds (pdf)Liming Fish Ponds (pdf) The best sites for culturing molluscs are therefore those that meet their biological requirements, including the following: In addition, the area for mollusc culture should be protected from strong water currents reaching three knots and should be accessible to source of seed, transport, and markets. Vanessa Weldon, Extension Associate, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. (vi) Building a farm house if drying of the harvested seaweeds is part of the operations. Both the supply and drain gates are so designed as to bring water into and drain water out of the lower levels of the pond, where water quality tends to get poorer faster as a result of the accumulation of wastes and their subsequent decomposition. The daily feeding rate usually starts at 5% and 10-15% of estimated biomass of fish and shrimps, respectively, and decreases to a low of 2% and 5%, for fish and shrimps, respectively, toward harvest. They differ, however, in a number of respects. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Types of anchor used for floating cages (from SEAFDEC/IDRC, 1979). If there are too many fish or too large fish in a pond, the pond plants and the filter can no longer cope with the number of waste materials and the fish pond will get turbid. (B), Fig. 18. The framework structure is generally made out of bamboo and other locally available wood. In 1927, the hanging method of culture was introduced which later developed into different variations, viz., the simple hanging method, raft method, and longline method, to suit different local conditions as culture grounds shifted from inner to outer parts of the bay to outer open seas (Honma, 1980). in Sudan (Shehedah, 1975). Southern Regional Aquaculture Center Publication No. Fig. 4.3.3 Pond Layout The location for earthen or natural pond is limited to the area where there are clay soil and underground water or a flowing stream. Semi-intensive and intensive culture systems are managed by the application of inputs (mainly feeds, fertilizers, lime, and pesticides) and the manipulation of the environment primarily by way of water management through the use of pumps and aerators. Another possibility is that aquaculture developed from ancient practices for trapping fish, with the operations steadily improving from trapping-holding to trapping-holding-growing, and finally into complete husbandry practices (Ling, 1977). In Mexico, the culture of the large oyster Crassostrea spp. 7. Lost or broken Eucheuma are replaced. Aside from feeds and water management, the following pond maintenance procedures are carried out: regular application of fertilizers, lime, and pesticides; prevention of entry of predators; monitoring of the stock for growth rate determination as a basis of feeds and water management; and regular pond upkeep and maintenance. 4.3.2 Site Selection Effluents/drainage high in BOD and suspended solids; market competition, especially for export product; conflicts/failures, social disruption. To prevent the deterioration of the pond environment, pond water is continuously freshened by the entry of new water from the river or water source (through the supply canal) while old water is drained through the outlet/drainage gate and through the drainage canal into the sea or river. 4. Destruction of ecosystems, especially mangroves; increasingly non-competitive with more intensive systems; nonsustainable with high population growth; conflicts/failures, social disruption. Modular pond system for milkfish culture (from Camacho and Lagua, 1988). Pond layout showing shrimp pond compartments, canals, and gates. Having the soil analyzed can sometimes be done by contacting your local office of the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. openings depending on the relative size of the pond unit to be served. Rain-fed fish ponds are supplied from rainfall and surface runoff. The aerators are usually operated at regular/periodic intervals for certain fixed durations during the day but especially in the early morning hours when the concentration of dissolved oxygen is known to be lowest (as a result of the absence of photosynthetic, oxygen-producing activity in the pond). The gates and other support infrastructure are properly maintained for efficient operation. 7) or wood (Fig. After fertilizer application, water is let in to a depth of about 20-40 cm and gradually increased to 1 m a week after fertilization. Brackishwater: salinization/acidification of soils/aquifers. Brackishwater ponds are usually treated by spreading 1.5 t of agricultural lime per ha, followed by another 1.5 t worked into the soil. They are hung on a collector rack, normally 12 strings along a distance of 1.8 m to hold about 1 000 shells. Fig. Pond production levels and life expectancies are greatly affected by how the ponds are constructed and what type of soil they are built on. Unwanted seaweeds which will compete with the Eucheuma for nutrients and sunlight are removed along with dirt and other foreign materials clinging to the seaweeds. No water is supplied during the dry season and these ponds are small depressions in impermeable soil, with a dike built at the lower side to retain more water. To stimulate and maintain the growth of natural plankton, organic (e.g., chicken manure) or inorganic fertilizer (e.g., urea, ammonium phosphate) are applied to the pond bottom. 10. Soon after construction of the pen/cage is completed, preparations are made to procure fry/fingerlings for stocking. Then, these can be fed directly (e.g. 102. The culture of the seaweed Porphyra is believed to have started as early as between 1596 and 1614 in Hiroshima Bay utilizing pole and net devices originally installed to catch fish. Brackishwater aquaculture is thought to have originated in Indonesia with the culture of milkfish and grey mullet (Ling, 1977) and must have spread to neighbouring countries like the Philippines which has been practising it for about 300 to 400 years (Baluyut, 1989). Quickly propagating fish A fish pond can accommodate just a limited number of fish, without it getting into trouble with the biological cycle. If your ponds surface area fluctuates considerably, it must be stocked based on the average annual low-water surface area. Coastal bivalve culture (mussels, oysters, clams, cockles). (FLOATING METHOD). The water supply varies throughout the year but the quality of the water is usually constant. A fish farm is considered properly planned if all the water control structures, canals, and the different pond compartments mutually complement each other (SCSP, 1982a). Its development and adoption as a popular technology has not been widespread, though, perhaps because of its site-specific requirements like its suitability mainly in shallow lentic environments. The topography will determine the amount and direction of the surface water flow. Typical cross sections of dikes. Financial returns are therefore much more attractive than those from extensive culture, although studies have shown that the return on investment (ROI) from semi-intensive culture is better than from intensive culture due to the high cost of inputs (largely fry and feeds) used in intensive culture. Similarly, it can be of varying shapes and sizes. Types of planting material and methods of culture for different seaweeds, Type of Planting Material and Methods of Culture, Vegetative propagation by cuttings; pond culture, Naturally produced "seeds" grown on hibi nets in open seas, Hatchery-reared or naturally produced "seeds" grown on hibi nets in open Construction of Levee Ponds for Commercial Catfish Production. A pond of about 2m x 5m capacity may not stock more than 600 fish. 4.5.3 Design and Construction 1). The farming activities involved in monoline culture of Eucheuma species based on the Philippine experience are as follows (Trono and Ganzon-Fortes, 1988): (ii) Preparing required materials needed for farm construction. Specifically, where land is not readily available or appropriate for earthen pond building and construction. Pen and cage culture in eutrophic waters and/or rich benthos (carps, catfish, milkfish tilapias). Ponds are totally drained and the pond bottoms dried prior to the application of pesticides. and other commercial fishes in bamboo or rattan cages and baskets; and in Indonesia where bamboo cages have been used to grow Leptobarbus hoeveni fry as early as 1922. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Table 8. 13). Improper site selection can lead to; The selection of soil is an important point for consideration for the construction of the fish pond. Sometimes, strings are hung separately from each other at regular intervals; at others, three or four strings are put together for hanging to prevent branches from attaching to strings when they occur in large quantities (Fig. Aquaculture development has been very recent and is just gaining momentum in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Island countries (Rabanal, 1988b). 4.3.5.5 Pond Maintenance Integrated agriculture-aquaculture (rice-fish; live stock/poultry-fish; vegetables - fish and all combinations of these). Accumulation of anoxic sediments below cages due to fecal and waste feed build-up; market competition, especially for export produce; conflicts/failures, social disruption; consumption of wood and other materials. 14). A free flow concrete pond of 2mx5m capacity can stock between 1,000 and 1,800 fishes given space requirement of between 0.005m2 to 0.01m2 per adult catfish. The fertilizers are either broadcast over the pond water surface or kept in sacks suspended from poles staked at certain portions along the pond periphery. During hot and sunny weather, it takes about 3-4 days to dry the seaweeds to a moisture content of about 30% or less. Types of anchor used for floating cages (from SEAFDEC/IDRC, 1979). In semi-intensive and intensive shrimp ponds, small feeding boats are used by caretakers who go around the pond distributing the feed by broadcasting. Then, this type of pond is the most advanced in terms of water efficiency, stocking capacity, water quality, and percentage of dissolved oxygen in the pond water among other attributes and derivable benefits but have a high initial cost of construction and equipment benefits acquisition. In Japan, the most commonly cultured species include Crassostrea gigas, C. rivularis, C. nippona, C. echinata, and Ostrea denseramellosa, with C. gigas as the predominant species (Honma, 1980). In Japan, indoor facilities are used to obtain buds/seedlings for on-growing at sea. The climate and topography of the region in which you are located will determine which type of pond system is appropriate. The stake method, similar to that for oyster culture, is the most commonly used. A wide variety of feed ingredients is used to prepare supplemental/artificial feeds. Three methods of Eucheuma culture practised in the Philippines (from Alih, 1989). The design of the dikes depends primarily on soil characteristics. (C), Fig. 3); for growing to larger sizes, a three-stage progression composed of nursery, transition, and rearing ponds is recommended (Fig. Marine species include mainly grouper, sea bass, mullet, snapper, and milkfish (Table 10). 2. Whitis, G.N. farming of freshwater fish in ponds, Production of species for export and marine shrimp and salmon, >26 freshwater fish; the most important being tilapia and common carp, Milkfish pens have a nursery compartment into which milkfish fry are grown for 3-4 weeks to 12 cm long fingerlings which can be released into the grow-out compartment. Main water control gate of reinforced concrete (from Jamandre and Rabanal, 1975). ), (iii) Vegetation; preferably without big tree stumps and thick vegetation which entail large expense for clearing; areas near river banks and those at coastal shores exposed to wave action require a buffer zone with substantial growths of mangrove. Chinese who emigrated to other Southeast Asian countries probably carried the knowledge with them and inspired the local people to take up fish farming. As the organisms grow in size, cast-netting is used as a sampling tool, with those caught in the throw of the cast net providing an indication as to sizes and weights of stock. The young oysters or spat are left in places attached to the collectors until they are large enough for harvest (SCSP, 1982c). In Taiwan (PC), Gracilaria is cultured in ponds formerly used for milkfish, with Pingtung County alone accounting for 110 ha of the total 400 ha of Gracilaria ponds in Taiwan (PC) in 1974 and producing 1 000 t of dried Gracilaria seaweed. (TOP VIEW), Fig. 4. The application of fertilizer may not be necessary as long as frequent water change is maintained. In Indonesia, the cage culture of common carp in the Lido Reservoir in Cigombong gave a total production of 28 kg/m2 at a stocking density of 6 kg/m2 (Baluyut, 1983). The ponds are stocked at a rate of 1 000 kg seedlings/ha or 100 g/m2. Water change is also effected on a daily basis, with approximately 10-15% of the water in the pond replenished by the entry of new water in semi-intensive shrimp ponds. Most pens and cages are rectangular or square although some may be circular, as in some milkfish pens in Laguna de Bay and the milkfish broodstock cages at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department in the Philippines (Fig. It is the most common process of fish culture. Holding pond This pond is used to hold fish temporally in readiness for transportation or fattening for induced breeding purposes. of Aquaculture Methods and Practices About 25% of the original crop is left behind, uniformly spaced on the pond bottom to serve as seedstock for the next crop. Eye-catching fish Fish in natural water has a camouflage, which protects them against herons and different enemies. It is easily movable and they benefit hatchlings and also elevate to fingerlings/juveniles. production, - Fish ponds Public health risks and consumer resistance (microbial diseases, red tides, industrial pollution; rough weather losses; seed shortages; market competition especially for export produce; failures, social disruption. 4.2 Overview Over the years, the practice has spread to almost all parts of the world and is used for a wide variety of culture organisms in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine environments. Secondary gates are now usually located toward one end of the narrower side of the pond compartment to give good turbulence and circulation during the filling and draining. 3)Low cost for fish production. The newly planted seaweeds are inspected after a few days. Also, they are less susceptible to changes in water level. Proper gate location can also serve to aerate the pond water and promote water circulation (SCSP, 1982a). The cage culture of marine finfishes has likewise been shown to give high yields (Table 9). (B), Fig. Levee ponds are typically suitable for flat land areas where there is insufficient water from the watershed to fill the ponds. Supplemental feeds for tilapia are prepared using 80% rice bran and 20% fish meal. In this system; water flows via the fish pond to refresh it and is also enabled to run into the drains or appropriate soak-away. stones, No information (probably same used In Japan), Natural "seeds" on improved substrates; hatchery produced seedlings on In case if you are interested in How to Make Money from Fish Feed Production. May occupy formerly pristine reefs; rough weather losses; market competition; conflicts/failures, social disruption. Furthermore, close proximity to a water body or along the course of a gentle moving stream or spring or the excavation (development of a cavity or space) of a significant portion of land where the water level is close to the ground surface. It is sited in a swampy area where clean fresh water is available. The following should be taken into account when designing canals: (ii) Time requirement for filling or draining the pond. Pens and cages come in various shapes and sizes and are made of different types of materials. (A), Fig. 4.5 Pen and Cage Culture The facilities consist of 70-80 cm deep square or rectangular concrete tanks provided with illumination, a temperature control system, and ventilation (Mito and Fukuhara, 1988). The major soil groups for fish farming available in India are black, red, lateritic, and alluvial soils. At present, it is commercially practised only in the Philippines, Indonesia, and China (Beveridge, 1984). Oysters grow best in intertidal areas where they are exposed for some minutes or a few hours during low tide (Pagcatipunan, 1987). This is vital, especially during the typhoon season. The string seed collectors are submerged in the sea water for seed collection at the right time. Cage and pen systems lie in natural water bodies like streams, rivers, and shallows networks. In this case, the flood effect is minimal when compared to the barrage type. Fig. fixed or floating support systems, Fig. Ten species of molluscs belonging to four genera (Crassostrea, Mytilus, Venerupis and Pinctada) are cultured. Layout of improved shrimp pond showing diagonal trench extending from inlet to outlet (from Kungvankij et al., 1986). It has also been proven economically viable since it involves minimal investment. 4.3.1 Culture Species - Ocean ranching, Production of high-value species of tourism and export, About 16 species of tilapias, carps, marine shrimp and, freshwater prawns, The milkfish fry/fingerlings from the nursery pen are stocked in the rearing pen at 20 000-50 000 per ha where they are cultured to marketable size. Efficient precautions and security from interference of all sorts. The maintenance cost is high. 8. The culture organisms are monitored closely and regularly to determine their rate of growth and the general condition of the stock. Diagram of a mussel raft unit (from Sitoy et al, 1983). Stocking is usually done in the early morning or late afternoon. In Southeast Asia, fish ponds are predominantly brackishwater, with milkfish and penaeid shrimps grown either in polyculture or in monoculture. To have successful pond production, ponds must be properly sited and built, with careful assessment of water availability, quantity, and quality. It is speculated that the techniques for keeping fish in ponds originated in China with fishermen who kept their surplus catch alive temporarily in baskets submerged in rivers or small bodies of water created by damming one side of a river bed. (B). (vi) Accessibility to sources of inputs, including labour and markets, and. Recently in Latin America and the Caribbean, brackishwater pond culture of penaeid shrimps has expanded rapidly, as it has in some parts of Asia. (v) Preparing the seedlings by tying bunches weighing about 50-100 g with soft 25 cm long plastic straw, and then tying these to monolines in the water at 20-25 cm intervals. 24. Proper pond construction and watershed management, Managing water quality and also understanding pond dynamics, and, Difficulties in holding water in the pond, Inability to drain the water completely, and. This type of fish pond is common after earthen, concrete, and also plastic fish ponds. Soil type will determine how well the ponds will hold water; clay and clay-silt type soils are preferred for ponds because they prevent leakage. The major problem of the pond is that water wastage can be on the high side. Variations would consist mainly of differences in application rates of fertilizers, lime, pesticides, and feeds; stocking rates and sizes of stocking material; rate of water change; and harvesting techniques (Table 8). (b) Seepage ponds are supplied from the water-table by seepage into the fish pond. (viii) Harvesting the whole plant and reserving select portions as seedlings for the next crop. Copyright 2022, AgriFarming | All Rights Reserved. Main gates regulate the exchange of water between the pond system and the tidal stream or sea, and may be constructed of reinforced concrete (Fig. Papua New Guinea), Europe, North America, South America, Japan, Chinese carps (Silver carp, grass carp, bighead carp), Mainly semi-intensive, although also extensive (Asia) and intensive (Europe