[90], On November 7, 2018, Mitchell attended the Joni 75: A Birthday Celebration concert in Los Angeles. [75] In a 2013 interview with Jian Ghomeshi, she was asked about the comments and responded by denying that she had made the statement while mentioning the allegations of plagiarism that arose over the lyrics to Dylan's 2001 album Love and Theft in the general context of the flow and ebb of the creative process of artists. He was a wealthy actor. In March 1970, Clouds produced her first Grammy Award for Best Folk Performance. And Woodstock was the culmination of it." Fellow Canadian singer k.d. Between 1979 and 1989 Benoit produced sixty paintings, corresponding to a selection of fifty of Mitchell's songs.[142]. 647 posts. Chuck Mitchell was indeed once married to Joni Anderson (Mitchell). The album climbed to No. And I named another one. A single from the LP, "Why Do Fools Fall in Love? Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images. In the summer of 1965, Chuck Mitchell took Joni with him to the U.S. to live and work in Detroit. Born Roberta Joan Anderson, Joni Mitchell, as she later called herself, gravitated towards music from an early age. The covers of both LPs, including a self-portrait on Clouds, were designed and painted by Mitchell, a blending of her painting and music that she continued throughout her career. In 1990, Mitchell, who by then rarely performed live, participated in Roger Waters' The Wall Concert in Berlin. Yet "Coyote", backed with "Blue Motel Room", failed to chart on the Hot 100. [122] Mitchell asserted her desire for artistic control throughout her career, and still holds the publishing rights for her music. Selections from that night's performances were released on DVD,[93] along with a separate CD release. Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals, Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Joni Mitchell Archives Vol. According to Cheat Sheet, Mitchell's daughter was renamed Kilauren Gibb. Commenting on the original mix of Song to a Seagull, Mitchell called it "atrocious" and said it sounded like it "had been recorded under a bowl of Jello. 26, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 14:28. In 1997, Mitchell was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but did not attend the ceremony. Reels. Mitchell was given an ecstatic reception, and she said afterwards, "I was delighted and honoured. [51] She accompanied him back to Los Angeles, where he set about introducing her and her music to his friends. A classic live coffeehouse performance of a classic song. "Dreamland" and "The Tenth World", featuring Chaka Khan on backing vocals, were percussion-dominated tracks. [20] She later moved with her parents to various bases in western Canada. It was not a gesture of marital kindness so much as a. Joni's first husband, Chuck mitchell, As of january 2020, seems to be alive and well, it was announced he performed for eagle days on january 17, a whole 2 hour concert. In April 2022 Mitchell received a Grammy Award for 'Best Historical Album' for this release. After World War II ended, her father worked as a grocer and her family moved to Saskatchewan, living in Maidstone and North Battleford. Joni Mitchell is one of the most prolific and celebrated songwriters of all time. [64] In an interview in 2004, she denied that "my terrible habits" had anything to do with her more limited range, and pointed out that singers often lose the upper register when they pass fifty. [26][27] One unconventional teacher, Arthur Kratzmann, made an impact on her, stimulating her to write poetry; her first album includes a dedication to him. Mitchell wanted to play the guitar, but since her mother disapproved of country music's hillbilly associations,[29] she initially settled for the ukulele. [3] Settling in Southern California, Mitchell helped define an era and a generation with popular songs like "Big Yellow Taxi" and "Woodstock". Appearing on Mitchell's 1974 album Court and Spark, Joni's song 'Free Man In Paris' was inspired by the head of Geffen records, David Geffen. [155][156], In 2020, Mitchell received the Les Paul Award, becoming the first woman to do so. '"[69] Early media reports characterized the album as having "a minimal feel that harks back to [Mitchell's] early work" and a focus on political and environmental issues. "[123] David Shumway notes that Mitchell "became the first woman in popular music to be recognized as an artist in the full sense of that term. Whatever Mitchell's stated views of feminism, what she represents more than any other performer of her era is the new prominence of women's perspectives in cultural and political life. [43], A few weeks after the birth of her daughter in February 1965, Mitchell was playing gigs again around Yorkville, often with a friend, Vicky Taylor, and was beginning to sing original material for the first time, written with her unique open tunings. The marriage and partnership of Joni and Chuck Mitchell ended with their divorce in early 1967, and she moved to New York City to follow her musical path as a solo artist. The album also contained remakes of "A Case of You" and the title track "Both Sides, Now", two early hits transposed down to Mitchell's now dusky, soulful alto range. In early 1976, Mitchell traveled with friends who were driving cross country to Maine. 13 on the Billboard Charts, reaching gold status three weeks after release, and received airplay from album-oriented FM rock stations. She later wrote, "[He] left me three months pregnant in an attic room with no money and winter coming on and only a fireplace for heat. One of Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists, Joni Mitchell has produced music since the 1960s and influenced many. She said, "I made my dress and bridesmaids' dresses. Blue is amazing. [107][108][109], On July 24, 2022, Joni Mitchell appeared unannounced as a special guest at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island, where she had first played in 1969, as part of a set billed as 'Brandi Carlile and Friends'. 23839 John R, Hazel Park. [75][76] Mitchell did not explain the contention further, but several media outlets speculated that it may have related to the allegations of plagiarism surrounding some lyrics on Dylan's 2006 album Modern Times. linktr.ee/jonimitchell. While some of Mitchell's most popular songs were written on the piano, almost every song she composed on the guitar uses an open, or non-standard, tuning; she has written songs in some 50 tunings, playing what she has called "Joni's weird chords". [138] Hole also covered "Both Sides, Now" in 1991 on their debut album, Pretty on the Inside, retitling it "Clouds", with the lyrics altered by frontwoman Courtney Love. 1: The Early Years (19631967), followed on October 30, 2020. Several other songs reference Joni Mitchell. A 40th anniversary version of "Woodstock" was released in 2009 by Nick Vernier Band featuring Ian Matthews (formerly of Matthews Southern Comfort). She stopped at the Mariposa Folk Festival to see Buffy Sainte-Marie, a Saskatchewan-born Cree folk singer who had inspired her. Lacking the $200 needed for musicians' union fees, Mitchell performed at a few gigs at the Half Beat and the Village Corner in Toronto's Yorkville neighbourhood, but she mostly played non-union gigs "in church basements and YMCA meeting halls". [9][10][11] Her distinctive piano and open-tuned guitar compositions also grew more harmonically and rhythmically complex as she melded jazz with rock and roll, R&B, classical music and non-Western beats. [1], Mitchell began singing in small nightclubs in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and throughout western Canada, before moving on to the nightclubs of Toronto, Ontario. The songs she wrote during the months she took off for travel and life experience appeared on her next album, Blue, released in June 1971. She won only the Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals. I considered that album to be my Beatles. [14] A critic of the music industry, she quit touring and released her 17th and last album of original songs in 2007. In 1995, Mitchell received Billboard's Century Award. Joni Mitchell Talks Exes, Addictions and Music in Candid, All-Access Biography. "[103], On January 28, 2022, Mitchell demanded that Spotify remove her songs from its streaming service in solidarity with her long-time friend and fellow polio survivor Neil Young, who removed his tracks from the streaming platform in protest against COVID-19 misinformation on the popular Spotify-hosted podcast The Joe Rogan Experience. As one of the most prolific musicians of her generation, Joni Mitchell has inspired countless artists with her songwriting and musical style. This album contained Mitchell's own versions of some of her songs already recorded and performed by other artists: "Chelsea Morning", "Both Sides, Now", and "Tin Angel". 8 on Billboard charts and was a breakthrough in the career of both artists. On the same day, Herbie Hancock, a longtime associate and friend of Mitchell, released River: The Joni Letters, an album paying tribute to Mitchell's work. Mitchell has said that the parents of baby-boomers were unhappy, and "out of it came this liberated, spoiled, selfish generation into the costume ball of free love, free sex, free music, free, free, free, free we're so free. It gave me the bug for it. In the early 1990s, Mitchell signed a deal with Random House to publish an autobiography. We all suffer for our loneliness, but at the time of Blue, our pop stars never admitted these things. While. [141], Mitchell's music and poems have deeply influenced the French painter Jacques Benoit's work. [66] In 1998 she told The New York Times that her memoirs were "in the works", that they would be published in as many as four volumes, and that the first line would be "I was the only black man at the party. Chuck Mitchell had an estimated net worth of around $1.5 million at the time of his death. *Although officially a Herbie Hancock release, Mitchell also received a Grammy for her vocal contribution to the album. In 1996, she was awarded the Polar Music Prize. 189 almost eighteen years before. She performed frequently in coffeehouses and folk clubs and, by this time creating her own material, became well known for her unique songwriting and her innovative guitar style. ", Mitchell's duet with The Persuasions (her opening act for the tour), bubbled under on Billboard, just missing the Hot 100. Starting in the mid-1970s, she began working with noted jazz musicians including Jaco Pastorius, Tom Scott, Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, and Pat Metheny as well as Charles Mingus, who asked her to collaborate on his final recordings. [146], Mitchell has received ten Grammy Awards during her career (eight competitive, one honorary), the first in 1969 and the most recent in 2022. [136] Madonna has also cited Mitchell as the first female artist that really spoke to her as a teenager; "I was really, really into Joni Mitchell. [157] She will be honored as MusiCares Person of the Year in 2022. [98] The expanded and reformatted wide-release edition of Morning Glory on the Vine was published on October 22, 2019, in a standard hardcover edition, as well as a limited signed edition. He took "Urge for Going" to the popular folk artist Judy Collins, but she was not interested in the song at the time, so Rush recorded it himself. She made a decision to stop touring for a year and just write and paint, yet she was still voted "Top Female Performer" for 1970 by Melody Maker, a leading UK pop music magazine. 377K followers. Delisi will spin Joni's music, and . The album Night Ride Home was released in March 1991. She felt disillusioned about the high priority given to technical skill over free-class creativity there,[25] and felt out of step with the trend toward pure abstraction and the tendency to move into commercial art. Joni Mitchell. [143] Mitchell received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000. A year later, Mitchell played Mariposa, her first gig for a major audience, and years later Sainte-Marie herself covered Mitchell's work. Chuck, 29, had met Joni, 22, at the Penny Farthing folk club in Toronto early in 1965. The primary source of his income was from his successful long-term career as an American actor, singer, and entertainer. I felt like I had absolutely no secrets from the world and I couldn't pretend in my life to be strong. Walecki designed a Stratocaster-style guitar to function with the Roland VG-8 virtual guitar, a system capable of configuring her numerous tunings electronically. That album, The Hottest New Group in Jazz, was hard to find in Canada, she says, "so I saved up and bought it at a bootleg price. [121], In 2003, Rolling Stone named her the 72nd-greatest guitarist of all time; she was the highest-ranked woman on the list. [16] Her mother's ancestors were Scottish and Irish;[17] her father was from a Norwegian family that possibly had some Smi ancestry. [159], On December 4, 2021, Mitchell received the Kennedy Center Honor for a lifetime of achievement in the performing arts at the Medallion Ceremony, held at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Most people agree that Joni Mitchell is one of the best musicians and songwriters ever. [100][101] On the same day, Mitchell released Early Joni 1963 and Live at Canterbury House 1967 (both culled from the 5-CD box set) as standalone vinyl releases. A series of retrospective compilations were released over the time period, culminating in the Joni Mitchell Archives, a project to publish much of Joni's unreleased material from her long career. Supported by a group of well-wisher musicians, she participated in a 13-song set of her own material and covers (including one as accompaniment only, playing electric guitar). It gave me the bug for it. It was her first tour in several years, and with Pastorius, jazz guitarist Pat Metheny, and other members of her band, Mitchell also performed songs from her other jazz-inspired albums. Other artists who recorded Mitchell's songs in the early years were Buffy Sainte-Marie ("The Circle Game"), Dave Van Ronk ("Both Sides Now"), and eventually Judy Collins ("Both Sides Now", a top ten hit for her, and "Michael from Mountains", both included on her 1967 album Wildflowers). Taylor Swift also details Mitchell's departure from the music industry in her song "The Lucky One" from her 2012 album Red. joebar. Following the 1967 divorce, Mitchell relocated to New York to pursue her musical career. He is not the Chuck Mitchell that was in "Porky's" but the folksinger. "Irresponsible people are spreading lies that are costing people . Joni Mitchell was born in Alberta, Canada, in 1943. "[34], After graduating from high school at Aden Bowman Collegiate in Saskatoon, Mitchell took art classes at the Saskatoon Technical Collegiate with abstract expressionist painter Henry Bonli[35] and left home to attend the Alberta College of Art in Calgary for the 196364 school year. 25. Critically, it was better received than her 1980s work[citation needed]. [62] Reprise also agreed to release a second album, called Misses, that would include some of the lesser-known songs from her career. [citation needed]. While recording Court and Spark, Mitchell had tried to make a clean break with her earlier folk sound, producing the album herself and employing jazz/pop fusion band the L.A. Express as what she called her first real backing group. He may be able to do it faster. I want to play again. Posts. "[122], Mitchell's work has had an influence on many other artists, including Taylor Swift,[124] Bjrk,[124] Prince,[125] Ellie Goulding, Harry Styles,[126] Corinne Bailey Rae, Gabrielle Aplin,[127] Mikael kerfeldt from Opeth,[128] Pink Floyd's David Gilmour,[129] Marillion members Steve Hogarth and Steve Rothery,[130][131] their former vocalist and lyricist Fish,[132] Paul Carrack,[133] Haim,[134] Lorde,[135] and Clairo. This character who symbolized her turn toward jazz and streetwise lyrics reappears in the concert video 'Shadows and Light', her contribution to the film anthology 'Love', and the music video for "Beat of Black Wings".[59]. is my heartbeat". Collins also covered "Chelsea Morning", another recording that eclipsed Mitchell's own commercial success early on. Its success led to 2002's Travelogue, a collection of re-workings of her previous songs with lush orchestral accompaniments. In 1995, Mitchell's friend Fred Walecki, proprietor of Westwood Music in Los Angeles, developed a solution to alleviate her continuing frustration with using multiple alternative tunings in live settings. The next day, Mitchell attended the show at the Kennedy Center. Mitchell also included on Hits, for the first time on an album, her first recording, a version of "Urge for Going" which preceded Song to a Seagull but was previously released only as a B-side. It received mostly strong reviews and motivated a short national tour, with Mitchell accompanied by a core band featuring her ex-husband Larry Klein on bass plus a local orchestra on each tour stop. Both Sides Now (2000) was an album composed mostly of covers of jazz standards, performed with an orchestra, featuring orchestral arrangements by Vince Mendoza. Mitchell also revived "Jericho", written years earlier (a version is found on her 1974 live album) but never recorded in a studio setting. In 1996, Mitchell agreed to release a greatest Hits collection, despite initial concerns that such a release would damage sales of her catalog. Her first paid performance was on October 31, 1962, at a Saskatoon club that featured folk and jazz performers. The existence of Mitchell's daughter was not publicly known until 1993, when a roommate from Mitchell's art-school days in the 1960s sold the story of the adoption to a tabloid magazine. The album also included the already-familiar song "The Circle Game" and the environmental anthem "Big Yellow Taxi", with its now-famous line, "they paved paradise and put up a parking lot. While the album was being readied for release, her friend David Geffen, founder of Asylum Records, decided to start a new label, Geffen Records. There she met New York City-born American folk singer Charles Scott "Chuck" Mitchell, from Michigan. Of the flurry of recent activity she quipped, "I've never worked so hard in my life."[69]. Mitchell's tour to promote Mingus began in August 1979 in Oklahoma City and concluded six weeks later with five shows at Los Angeles' Greek Theatre and one at the Santa Barbara County Bowl, where she recorded and filmed the concert. [58] Four months later, in an interview with The New York Times, Mitchell said that the forthcoming album, titled Shine, was inspired by the war in Iraq and "something her grandson had said while listening to family fighting: 'Bad dreams are goodin the great plan. [151], To celebrate Mitchell's 70th birthday, the 2013 Luminato Festival in Toronto held a set of tribute concerts entitled Joni: A Portrait in Song A Birthday Happening Live at Massey Hall on June 18 and 19. Free shipping for many products! Alanis Morissette also mentions Mitchell in one of her songs, "Your House". [79] Since 2011, she said she focuses mainly on her visual art, which she does not sell and displays only on rare occasions. I stand in solidarity with Neil Young and the global scientific and medical communities on this issue. In one of the golden, waning years of the 1960s, Chuck Mitchell told his young wife to read Saul Bellow's novel Henderson the Rain King. Joni Mitchell, original name Roberta Joan Anderson, (born November 7, 1943, Fort McLeod, Alberta, Canada), Canadian experimental singer-songwriter whose greatest popularity was in the 1970s. To wider audiences, the real return to form for Mitchell came with 1994's Grammy-winning Turbulent Indigo. The album peaked on the Billboard charts in its fifth week at No. Wild Things Run Fast (1982) marked a return to pop songwriting, including "Chinese Cafe/Unchained Melody", which incorporated the chorus and parts of the melody of the famous The Righteous Brothers hit, and "(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care", a remake of the Elvis chestnut, which charted higher than any Mitchell single since her 1970s sales peak when it climbed to No. [61] The album won two Grammy awards, including Best Pop Album, and it coincided with a much-publicized resurgence in interest in Mitchell's work by a younger generation of singer-songwriters. 25 on the albums chart. Still distributed by Warner Bros. (who controlled Asylum Records), Geffen negated the remaining contractual obligations Mitchell had with Asylum and signed her to his new label. 45. The spindles of the banister were gap-toothedfuel for last winter's occupants. I would have to say of all the women I've heard, she had the most profound effect on me from a lyrical point of view."[137]. "In France They Kiss on Main Street" continued the lush pop sounds of Court and Spark, and efforts such as the title song and "Edith and the Kingpin" chronicled the underbelly of suburban lives in Southern California. In accepting the award, Hancock paid tribute to Mitchell as well as to Miles Davis and John Coltrane. Her most confessional album, Mitchell later said of Blue, "I have, on occasion, sacrificed myself and my own emotional makeup, singing 'I'm selfish and I'm sad', for instance. He may be able to do it better, but the fact is that it then wouldn't really be my music. This album was also Mitchell's first since Geffen Records was sold to MCA Inc., meaning that Night Ride Home was her first album not to be initially distributed by WEA (now Warner Music Group). The project's first release, a five-disc collection titled Joni Mitchell Archives Vol. [24] Mitchell struggled at school; her main interest was painting. [113] The music sessions were assisting her recovery, and in 2022 she was invited to join Carlile and others in a low-key appearance at the Newport Festival for a live performance of a 'Joni Jam'. 38 on the Billboard charts. Mitchell produced or co-produced most of her albums and designed most of her own album covers, describing herself as a "painter derailed by circumstance". "Lavender" by Marillion was partly influenced by "going through parks listening to Joni Mitchell", according to vocalist and lyricist Fish,[139] and she was later mentioned in the lyrics of their song "Montreal" from Sounds That Can't Be Made. "The churches came after me", she wrote, "they attacked me, though the Episcopalian Church, which I've seen described as the only church in America which actually uses its head, wrote me a letter of congratulation."[17]. Hollywood brought her dramatic life to the big screen in a film starring American singer Taylor Swift. [26], Country music began to eclipse rock around this time. Meet the author. Despite the passage. The concert, which featured a tribute to Mitchell, was also attended by Queen Elizabeth II. [120] On her 1968 debut album Song to a Seagull, Mitchell used both quartal and quintal harmony in "The Dawntreader" and quintal harmony in "Song to a Seagull". He has been married three times. [64] While her more limited range and huskier vocals have sometimes been attributed to her smoking (she was described by journalist Robin Eggar as "one of the world's last great smokers"),[64] Mitchell believes that the changes in her voice that became noticeable in the 1990s were because of other problems, including vocal nodules, a compressed larynx, and the lingering effects of having had polio. She moved to the United States and began touring in 1965. [12] She later turned to pop and electronic music and engaged in political protest. Two years later, Mitchell released her final set of "original" new work before nearly a decade of other pursuits, 1998's Taming the Tiger. Verified. She showed up personally to collect the award. "[105], On April 1, 2022, Mitchell was honored as the 2022 MusiCares Person of the Year by the Recording Academy. During this time she briefly studied classical piano. 63 on Billboard's Top Albums Chart, Mitchell's lowest chart position since her first album peaked at No. Mitchell herself ended the evening with a rendition of "Both Sides, Now" with a 70-piece orchestra. Mitchell stated at the time that Travelogue would be her final album. Joe Rogan found himself correcting a little musical misinformation he spread accidentally when he praised Joni Mitchell on Sunday as the talent behind the 1979 tune "Chuck E.'s in Love.". The character, whom she called Art Nouveau, was based on a pimp who, she says, once complimented her while walking down an LA street. Joni Mitchell. [138] Rap artists Kanye West and Mac Dre have also sampled Mitchell's vocals in their music. While living at the Verona apartments in Detroit's Cass Corridor, the couple regularly performed at area coffee houses, including the Chess Mate on Livernois, near Six Mile Road; the Alcove bar, near Wayne State University; the Rathskeller, a restaurant on the campus of the University of Detroit; and the Raven Gallery in Southfield. "I was not a part of the anti-war movement, either. Her right-hand picking/strumming technique has evolved over the years from an initially intricate picking style, typified by the guitar songs on her first album, to a looser and more rhythmic style, sometimes incorporating percussive "slaps". On the album, Mitchell had played a custom guitar equipped with a Roland hexaphonic pickup that connected to a Roland VG-8 modeling processor. When Joni Mitchell finally took the stage near the end of an all-star . She received an honorary doctorate in music from McGill University in 2004. In March and April she found work at the Penny Farthing, a folk club in Toronto. In Toronto, on his first out of town gig, he met Canadian songwriter Joni Anderson from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Close to completing her contract with Asylum Records, Mitchell felt that this album could be looser in feel than any album she had done in the past. The LP made Mitchell a widely popular act for perhaps the only time in her career, on the strength of popular tracks such as the rocker "Raised on Robbery", which was released right before Christmas 1973, and "Help Me", which was released in March of the following year, and became Mitchell's only Top 10 single when it peaked at No. To celebrate her 79th birthday, here's a look back. Throughout the first half of 1990, Mitchell recorded songs that appeared on her next album. The lushly produced "Carey" was the single at the time, but musically, other parts of Blue departed further from the sounds of Ladies of the Canyon. "L.A. is my workplace", she said in 2006, "B.C. Reviews were mostly favorable towards the album, and the cameos by well-known musicians brought it considerable attention. Chuck Mitchell was a part of that scene with then-wife Joni Mitchell, living in a Wayne State-area apartment and playing folk clubs like the Chess Mate in Detroit and the Raven Gallery in Birmingham, then Southfield. She left western Canada for the first time in her life, heading east for Ontario. [18][19] Her mother was a teacher, while her father was a Royal Canadian Air Force flight lieutenant who instructed new pilots at RCAF Station Fort Macleod. In 2003, her Geffen recordings were collected in a remastered four-disc box set, The Complete Geffen Recordings, including notes by Mitchell and three previously unreleased tracks. The singer's next two albums featured no new songs and, Mitchell has said, were recorded to "fulfill contractual obligations",[61] but on both she attempted to make use of her new vocal range in interpreting familiar material. In addition, she contended that her voice had acquired a more interesting and expressive alto range when she could no longer hit the high notes, let alone hold them as she had in her youth.[65]. During the next few years, the only albums Mitchell released were compilations of her earlier work. Hejira "did not sell as briskly as Mitchell's earlier, more 'radio-friendly' albums, [but] its stature in her catalogue has grown over the years". [25] She focused on her creative talent and considered a singing or dancing career for the first time. The device allowed Mitchell to play any of her many alternate tunings without having to re-tune the guitar. The new song cycle was released in November 1975 as The Hissing of Summer Lawns. "River" has been one of the most popular songs covered in recent years, with versions by Dianne Reeves (1999), James Taylor (recorded for television in 2000, and for CD release in 2004), Allison Crowe (2004), Rachael Yamagata (2004), Aimee Mann (2005), and Sarah McLachlan (2006). Around this time she took a $15-a-week job in a Calgary coffeehouse called The Depression Coffee House, "singing long tragic songs in a minor key".