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Author: Venkatesh - I love to learn and share the technical stuff. From a short-term perspective, the maintainability trends, i.e., changes in maintainability, are in the same direction, but can be of different strengths, while from a long-term perspective, the maintainability trends are in alignment, although the magnitude of the trends is not. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: The equals() method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. 252264. A comparator object is capable of comparing two objects of the same class. Sci. In Proceedings of the 2022 45th Jubilee International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia, 2327 May 2022; pp. In this case, the result of the comparison is false. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. We can sort them, copy-paste them, merge, and compare them. The first threat to internal validity is related to the method used for data collection. You are accessing a machine-readable page. 121124. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Najm, N. Measuring Maintainability Index of a Software Depending on Line of Code Only. function,1,JavaScript,1,jQuery,1,Kotlin,11,Kotlin Conversions,6,Kotlin Programs,10,Lambda,2,lang,29,Leap Year,1,live updates,1,LocalDate,1,Logging,1,Mac OS,3,Math,1,Matrix,6,Maven,1,Method References,1,Mockito,1,MongoDB,3,New Features,1,Operations,1,Optional,6,Oracle,5,Oracle 18C,1,Partition,1,Patterns,1,Programs,1,Property,1,Python,2,Quarkus,1,Read,1,Real Time,1,Recursion,2,Remove,2,Rest API,1,Schedules,1,Serialization,1,Servlet,2,Sort,1,Sorting Techniques,8,Spring,2,Spring Boot,23,Spring Email,1,Spring MVC,1,Streams,31,String,61,String Programs,28,String Revese,1,StringBuilder,1,Swing,1,System,1,Tags,1,Threads,11,Tomcat,1,Tomcat 8,1,Troubleshoot,26,Unix,3,Updates,3,util,5,While Loop,1, JavaProgramTo.com: How To Compare Two Objects In Java 8 For Equality, How To Compare Two Objects In Java 8 For Equality, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aEtaZB3ttHs/Xy-WBPnafyI/AAAAAAAAC4g/ysyUE-23H8o4Ltm4-IbRYn_xbKdxipa_QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h369/How%2BTo%2BCompare%2BTwo%2BObjects%2BIn%2BJava%2B8%2BFor%2BEquality.png, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aEtaZB3ttHs/Xy-WBPnafyI/AAAAAAAAC4g/ysyUE-23H8o4Ltm4-IbRYn_xbKdxipa_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-w640-c-h369/How%2BTo%2BCompare%2BTwo%2BObjects%2BIn%2BJava%2B8%2BFor%2BEquality.png, https://www.javaprogramto.com/2020/08/how-to-compare-two-objects-in-java-8.html, 4. By changing the return value inside the compare method, you can sort in any order that you wish to, for example: For descending order just change the positions of a and b in the above compare method. Chowdhury, S.; Holmes, R.; Zaidman, A.; Kazman, R. Revisiting the debate: Are code metrics useful for measuring maintenance effort? The next threat to internal validity is related to the methods of data analysis used. Use Collections.max () method and store the return value in max variable. The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. In the future, it would be interesting to extend our study to software systems written in other object-oriented programming languages, such as Python and C#. Fioravanti, F.; Nesi, P. Estimation and prediction metrics for adaptive maintenance effort of object-oriented systems. Developed by JavaTpoint. By comparing two objects, the value of those objects isn't 1. Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. whether they are the same object or not. While the expression obj1.equals(obj2) compares equality. By better understanding Index variants and the importance of the context in which an Index variant is used, practitioners can select the variant that best fits their specific needs and goals. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. Let us create a simple Employee class with instance variables id, name, age for comparing the different objects field by field. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. 486492. But, if the Class has so many properties, the code will be . This tutorial shows you how to get the list of properties with different value on two objects. Virtual Machinery. Implementing the equals method for the before example: Example 3: In the above example, the equals() method is checking if all the values match or not. The Maintainability Index was calculated for each software system under study using seven variants: Next, data analysis on the acquired data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 and Python 3.7.6. with the matplotlib, NumPy, pandas, SciPy, seaborn, and scikit-learn libraries. Java 8 - Comparison with Lambdas and example on Java 8 Comparator.comparing(). ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Observe the values of HashMap before and after adding the employee values. The main advantage of the Index as a single-value measure of maintainability is its ability to be able to compare software in the context of others [. ; Goldinger, S.D. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . ; Rachmadi, R.R. Similarly, in the second println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse the same value as in the constructor of the Double class. In Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Sciences and Informatics (EECSI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 12 October 2020; pp. By using our site, you Modeling Design/Coding Factors That Drive Maintainability of Software Systems. = minimum, Max. 2021. Heriko, T.; umak, B. Researchers should carefully examine which Index variants should be used in their studies, as the results can be impacted by the choices made. To ensure the most-accurate assessment, the specific variant selected should take into account the relevant aspects of maintainability that best represent the maintainability of the software system in question. ; project administration, B.. I prefer this method since I no longer need to make changes to my production code (e.g. The Maintainability Index variants were computed from software metrics extracted from the code of each system by the JHawk tool. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. The difference between those two lists would give us the students who didn't pass the exam. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: Java equals () Method Java hashCode () Method Java equals () Method The equals () method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. Copyright 2011-2021 www.javatpoint.com. = standard deviation, Min. Whereas the equals() method compares two objects. Available online: Li, W.; Henry, S. Object-oriented metrics that predict maintainability. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. In Proceedings of the 27th International Workshop on Software Measurement and 12th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2527 October 2017; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. Elish, M.O. A total of 45 object-oriented software systems were randomly selected for the study. Suppose we have an Array/ArrayList of our own class type, containing fields like roll no, name, address, DOB, etc, and we need to sort the array based on Roll no or name? ; visualization, T.H. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. I propose another option one that could be useful , especially when theres a need to compare different properties in different tests. Let us look then at the code inside Object.equals() method and understand its internals. if both the strings are equal lexicographically i.e. Based on their maintainability measurement characteristics, the Index variants can be divided into two distinct clusters containing variants that are more similar to one another: Index variants without considering code comments and Index variants that include code comments in their computation. ; Symeonidis, A.L. Now all I needed to do is to compare thefakeExpectedwith the actual result from the test. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? Maintainab. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. One or more elements from. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings . Basic Sort With Lambda Support. 2021. Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be . The 2021 State of the Octoverse. Else print minimum and maximum variables. Appl. Java | Collectors maxBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Java | Collectors minBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Stream sorted (Comparator comparator) method in Java, TreeSet comparator() Method in Java with Examples, TreeMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, SortedMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, ConcurrentSkipListSet comparator() method in Java with Examples, Comparator nullsFirst() method in Java with examples, Comparator comparingInt() in Java with examples. In this short tutorial, we'll solve this using Gson, a JSON serialization\deserialization library that can do a deep comparison between JSON objects. const obj1 = . ; formal analysis, T.H. ; Pant, B.; Tiwari, U.K. Wilson, A.; Wedyan, F.; Omari, S. An Empirical Evaluation and Comparison of the Impact of MVVM and MVC GUI Driven Application Architectures on Maintainability and Testability. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability (ISSRE 07), Trollhattan, Sweden, 59 November 2007; pp. If the minimum and maximum variables are equal then print Equal elements. Now, our need is to compare two objects that are the same or not. Available online: Puntigam, F. Interfaces of Active Objects with Internal Concurrency. For example, if we want to check for any two values to make the equals() method consider the two objects to be the same: This method is more like an add-on to the previous one. Learn more. Conceptualization, T.H. Ren, Y.; Xing, T.; Chen, X.; Chai, X. ; software, T.H. Another threat to external validity is the set of Index variants studied. Published at DZone with permission of Dror Helper, DZone MVB. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. Now we will create one more class with the below code and save it as Car.java. 2.2. Microsoft. Though the values of dog1 and dog2 are the same, equals() method always checks the reference of the two objects i.e if both the objects passed refer to the same object or not and not their values. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. MI and MINCMaintainability Index. 149154. Welker, K.D. A Feature How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems? whether they are the same object or not. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. 759768. The resulting visualization seen in, Instead of the manual identification of groups, to more accurately determine the similar groups of the Index variants, clustering on the Pearson Correlation Coefficients was performed. To compare these strings in Java, we need to use the equals() method of the string. Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models. Remember: When we override the equals() method, it is necessary to override the hashCode() method, also. "Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems" Applied Sciences 13, no. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. ; Aljamaan, H.; Ahmad, I. However, it is still unclear how different Index variants compare when applied to software systems. Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. Here is the string comparison which is possible in Java. Lets say you just want to compare object references regardless of their content, then you can use the strict equality (===) or the loose one (==). ; writingoriginal draft preparation, T.H. To understand and manage software under development and maintenance better, several maintainability measures have been proposed. Zhou, Y.; Xu, B. ; writingreview and editing, T.H. We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. When possible, the parameter settings of the data analysis method used were provided to the reader to give a better understanding of the analysis. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. This resulted in several defined variants of the Index. = standard deviation. Over 2 million developers have joined DZone. = average, Med. Bray, M.; Brune, K.; Fisher, D.A. 5: 2972. Objects are identical when they share the class identity. A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. Overriding equals() method in the Employee Object, 4. How to Compare Two Objects in Java? Furthermore, the results of the study may not generalize to the broader population of object-oriented systems based on programming languages other than Java. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. Available online: Verifysoft Technology. In short, for any non-null reference say x and y, it returns true if and only if both references refer to the same object. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for Correlations between Internal Software Metrics and Software Dependability in a Large Population of Small C/C++ Programs. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. [. ; Rana, A. Ideally I would have liked to write the following test: Unfortunately it would fail. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare() method. Try Programiz PRO: It returns a randomly generated hash code value of the object that is unique for each instance. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. A comparator interface is used to order the objects of user-defined classes. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? Several aspects can impact the softwares maintainability, including the codes complexity, the softwares size, and the presence of documentation and comments that help describe the code. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Computing, Noida, India, 1719 August 2009; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. Available online: Lacchia, M. Radon. On the other hand, when comparing the maintainability of systems using two Index variants, one from each of the two groups, the consistency in the maintainability comparison is expected to be lower. The Maintainability Index is commonly used as a quantitative measure of the relative ease of software maintenance. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. A comparative analysis of evolutionary algorithms for the prediction of software change. The reason is that deep down inside our assert have no idea what is an equal object and so it runsObject.Equalsand throws an exception in case of failure. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. To ensure all included software systems were following object-oriented principles, some manual inspection of the source code of subject software systems was performed by the authors. Differentiate String == operator and equals() method, Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two distinct strings. For instance, Index variant thresholds for object-oriented software should be refined in the future while also considering the specifics of the Index variant used for maintainability assessment. [. The hash code is managed by a hash-based data structure, such as HashTable, HashSet, etc. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. [. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. 235239. Since the chosen analyses may bias the result, we explained the idea and motivation for each data analysis method used. ; Johannessen, E.B. Object-Oriented Software. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? If the Class only has a few properties, you can write the code by comparing each property. Besides the above-presented Index variants, several others were proposed in the literature incorporating other software metrics that measure additional software aspects, e.g., cohesion and coupling; yet, they are not widely used. = standard deviation, Min. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs), Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1920 September 2018; pp. In this article, You've seen how to compare two objects in java using equals() method of Object class. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. 107110. The objective was to determine if and to what degree these variants are consistent with one another when used to assess the maintainability of a single software system and when used to compare the maintainability of different software systems. Ltd. All rights reserved. [, Heriko, T.; umak, B. Analyzing Linter Usage and Warnings Through Mining Software Repositories: A Longitudinal Case Study of JavaScript Packages. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. You believe you can do it all by yourself? Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. Murthy, A.R.C. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge about software maintainability and are of interest to software researchers. Empirical comparison of two metrics suites for maintainability prediction in packages of object-oriented systems: A case study of open source software. [. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Maharashtra, India, 1011 March 2017; Satapathy, S., Bhateja, V., Joshi, A., Eds. anlalp, .; ztrk, M.M. Learn Java practically Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. Avg. Use Collections.min () method and store the return value in min variable. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. Fedoseev, K.; Askarbekuly, N.; Uzbekova, E.; Mazzara, M. Application of Data-Oriented Design in Game Development. We simply use the equal to operator (==) to compare the two strings, which compares the value Bold to Bold and prints Equal. For more information, please refer to Ardito, L.; Coppola, R.; Barbato, L.; Verga, D. A tool-based perspective on software code maintainability metrics: A systematic literature review. [, Revilla, M.A. ; Motogna, S. A Study of Maintainability in Evolving Open-Source Software. Pratap, A.; Chaudhary, R.; Yadav, K. Estimation of software maintainability using fuzzy logic technique. The below example shows how to compare the two different beans. Compare Two Simple JSON Objects Let's begin by using the JsonNode.equals method. ; methodology, T.H. The objectives of this work were twofold: first, to highlight distinct variants of the Maintainability Index employed to measure maintainability in object-oriented systems and assess the results of variants when applied to measure the maintainability of the same subject software; second, to research the results of the variants when applied to measure the maintainability of a software system to compare the system with other systems. In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. Java Object class is the super class of all the Java classes. Sjberg, D.I.K. The following two lists summarize the differences between the two interfaces. This paper evaluated and compared the Index variants by applying them to Java open-source software systems. Mastering JS. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. To learn how to compare strings in Java, you can use the methods provided by the following classes. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. = minimum, Max. Why to Use Comparator Interface Rather than Comparable Interface in Java? [. Blogger | Programmer | Entrepreneur | Join me for more helpful insights: https://linktr.ee/amyjandrews92, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // true, console.log(JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2)); // false, console.log(_.isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, for (let i = 0; i < props1.length; i++) {, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // true, console.log(isEqual(person1, person2)); // false, if ((!bothAreObjects && (obj1[prop] !== obj2[prop])). To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. [, Chowdhury, S.A.; Uddin, G.; Holmes, R. An Empirical Study on Maintainable Method Size in Java. To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. 367377. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. That does not work for objects. Although different Index variants present different values when subjected to the same software system, the Index variant values are very strongly positively correlated and indicate in a similar manner how maintainability evolves between releases and from a more long-term perspective. Predicting the maintainability of open source software using design metrics. Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. You probably think comparing two objects in JavaScript is easy. The correctness and completeness of this process were manually verified on a sample of subjects. In the below program, Created two Employee objects with different values. If the properties of each object do not come in the same order, it doesnt work. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? This interface is present in java.util package and contains 2 methods compare(Object obj1, Object obj2) and equals(Object element). ; Oman, P.W. Consequently, the maintainability of object-oriented software has become a significant topic of interest for both software researchers and practitioners. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Join our newsletter for the latest updates. Collections API uses hashcode() and equals() Method, 5. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. *; class GFG { public static void main (String [] args) { Such compare is validated automatically as soon as we write or paste our JSON objects on both sides. The above program produced the output saying both e1, e3 objects are not the same even though both objects are having the same values. Programming languages, designed mainly for object-oriented programming, namely Java, C#, and Python, are currently widely used and adapted by organizations and software developers [, The maintainability of a system is a software quality factor that reflects the ease with which a system can undergo various modifications in the software maintenance phase [, To quantify the software maintainability of any system with a single value, Oman and Hagemeister [, Another measure of software maintainability is the change metric defined by Li and Henry [, Furthermore, researchers have proposed several maintainability measurement and prediction models based on capturing maintenance performance with cost, time, or effort spent in the maintenance process [, Another way of assessing maintainability is based on the subjective evaluation of software systems by experts [.